Gender Ideologies in Local Context Essay Example for Free

Gender Ideologies in Local Context Essay Present essay deals with analysis of gender ideologies’ functioning in certain local contexts. The latter is discussed through the prism of interactionist approach, which seems to be the most effective in terms of describing micro-level at which gender ideologies function. It provides with possibilities for studying how performative, discourse and social strategies of actors realized in local contexts are embedded in general gender ideology framework. For the present analysis a bar was chosen as the local context, where field study was conducted and gender ideologies’ reflection in interactions between men and women were analyzed. The central research question of this paper, hence, may be formulated as follows: how do gender ideologies shape interactions between men and women in bar or night club? Gender ideologies in local contexts: interactionist approach. Gender ideologies represent certain social and cultural constructs, which structure the perception of female and masculine identities, societal roles, family status and production relations etc (Philips, 2). Gender ideologies should be understood as a product of social structure, which fosters different roles of men and women in society. For instance, it may be said that currently dominant perception of women in society was formed within predominantly patriarchal discourse. Paradoxically, patriarchal perception of women affects their own gender ideology and identity, which often corresponds with socially constructed identity. Hence, women’s interactions with men are affected by the absence of their organic self-identity – they are forced to interact within the discourse created by men. However, the latter is realized through women’s own discursive system, which may be described as the micro-level of gender ideology. As Lakoff suggests, women and men learn their distinct languages from the childhood, which being the part of universal language, in fact reflect different identities in gender interactions (Lakoff, 222). Interactions, according to interactionist approach are based on endowing of certain subjective actions of the Other with meaning and symbols (Blumer, 45). In gender interactions, such meaning is ascribed to actions, based on gender ideologies. For instance, as Lakoff suggests of women’s discourse, ‘If she refuses to talk like a lady, she is ridiculed and subjected to criticism as unfeminine’ (Lakoff, 222). The latter example shows that gender ideologies are genuinely embedded in gender interactions, because they form the frame of understanding, actions’ meaning and behavior. Moreover, as Lakoff suggests, there exist considerable differences between women’s and men’s use of vocabulary, especially as far as the use of strong words, adjectives and particles are concerned (Lakoff, 223-224). The latter may be evident in any local context, including gender interactions in bar or nightclub, as it would be shown. Any local context activates specific aspects of gender ideology. According to Philips, notwithstanding culture, ‘There are at least four aspects of human experience that regularly enter into gender ideologies. These include work, appearance, sexuality and reproduction’ (Philips, 8). There is no denying the importance of the fact, that in the interactionist context, analyzed in this paper, such aspects as sexuality and appearance come into play in the first place. Based on these general theoretic considerations concerning gender ideologies let us analyze their reflection in concrete location’s context of bar, based on the empirical data collected in the field study. Gender Ideologies in gender interactions in bar Field research for this study was conducted in Dirtbags Bar and Grille in Tucson, AZ on June 1, 2009 during 10:30-Midnight. The data collection orientation focused on observing how gender ideologies affect gender interactions in this situational context. The first observation includes objective behavioral patterns of men and women during their visit to bar. It was established as a fact, that men may arrive to bar both in 3-4 individuals groups and alone. Women, as the field study found never arrive alone, but only with their boyfriend of female friend. The latter situation may be interpreted through the prism of Butler’s approach to gender identity construction. According to Buttler, identity is constructed based on repetition of certain behavioral patterns, gestures, discourses etc (Butler, 519). The latter implies that social structures, existing in society already provide women with stable behavioral orientations, taught to them by their families, older friends. One of such behavioral codes, which are immediately linked to gender ideology may be described as the cultural taboo for visiting entertainment public places alone. Such taboo is connected first of all with institutionalized male perception of women, being alone in the bar or night club, as the invitation for sexual relations. Based on this perception, visiting bar alone for women automatically means moral fault, since she is immediately associated with prostitute etc. Unlike women’s case, in men’s gender ideology the problem of man’s visiting bar alone does not exist, since it is not problematized as gender issue at all. Therefore, it is evident that men have more behavioral options and may choose between them to one’s own like. Buttler suggests that gender identities and ideologies are constructed through theatrical and performative interactions (Buttler, 520). The latter is particular evident in women’s focus on their dress, while visiting the bar. Women are more prone to put the emphasis on their own clothes and comment on the apparels of their female friends. They often made complements concerning good dress of each other. As the same time, men regularly have no tendency to comment on the clothes of their male friends. Instead, they often make complements to women concerning their dress. The latter observations show that gender ideology functions through performative and theatrical behavior reflected in the culture of dressing. Men are relatively indifferent to what their friends wear, however, pay much attention to what women wear. The performative and theatrical role of gender ideologies is also evident in women and men behavior, when they enter the bar. Women express much more willingness to be noticed by public, including both men and women, as they immediately look for people they know. Unlike, women, men seem to be less tied by any social obligations as they often go straight to the bar and order drinks and only after this greet people they know. Moreover, a bar serves for men a spot to sit down, while women prefer staying near the bar and being attentive to what is going on around them. Gender ideological conventions concerning sexuality are also evident in the types of drinks ordered by men and women. First of all, male gender ideology is obvious in the wide-spread practice of ordering drinks by men for women, especially as the part of acquaintance or showing sexual interest. Such behavior is often welcomed by women, who are embedded in gender ideologies of men, because women are prone to interpret such attention as the marker of sympathy and often use it in their own interest. As far as the type of beverages, drunk by men and women are concerned, men usually do not differentiate between different drinks, while women often order low calorie beverages such as ‘diet coke and Bacardi’ or sugar free redbull. The latter shows that the majority of women are embedded in the discourse relating to their appearance and sexuality, which is according to Philips is one of the central aspects of gender ideology (Philips, 9). Women, embedded in gender ideology, try to follow its main conventions in any local context, including bar. Gender interactions in bar are also characterized by both and men and women behavior directed at emphasizing correspondingly their femininity and masculinity. Men in the conversation with women always try to lower the pitch of their voices, while women often raise it. As Tannen suggests, such strategies are inherently gender, because they are affected by existing ideological representations of femininity and masculinity (Tannen, 169). In these ideological representations masculinity is characterized by the low pitch of voice, which is associated with men authority and women’s high pitch, associated with her secondary role in society. Gender socialization patterns in bar are also very informative, as far as the reflection of gender ideologies is concerned. Women feel more comfortable always being in company either of their female or male friends. In contrast, men may be either alone or in company without any differentiation. For women being in company guarantees the stability of her identity, because she may fully realize her performative and theatrical patterns of behavior. In contrast, being alone often causes negative gender connotations. Gender interactions in a bar are predominantly initiated by men, when a member of a male group offers a drink to a woman or a group of women. Often women refuse such invitations, however, in a majority of cases they agree even if they feel compelled and uncomfortable in communicating with the large group of men. A man being alone, however, is less prone to initiate conversations with women, than if he finds himself in company. There is no denying the importance of the fact, that the discussed pattern of gender interactions in bar reflects certain features of dominant gender ideologies. As Butler suggests, gender interactions are regulated by social sanctions and taboos (Butler, 520). One of such taboos may be formulated as follows: women are generally not eligible to initiate gender interactions with men; such priority solely belongs to the latter due to their primary role in gender relations. The realization of this taboo is particularly evident in bar context, where women generally behave in such a manner in order to stimulate men’s interest, however, their own interests is hidden from public. A woman may be interested in communicating with a given man, however, due to certain gender limitations she is more likely to refuse from her ambitions. Moreover, men usually feel uncomfortable when gender interactions are initiated by women, because it is usually mocked up in his male company. Hence, it may be postulated that taboos and limitations relating to gender interactions exist both in male and female gender ideologies. If a woman and a man know each other they usually greet by hugs, kisses and even if they are not engaged in romantic relations, they often show some kind of flirting. In personal interactions between men and women gender ideologies are also evident in men’s primary role in initiating tactile closeness with women, especially after alcohol drinks, including closeness, flirt, kisses, hugs, joking etc. Women, interested in such gender interactions, would not hesitate to communicate and flirt. However, a woman, who feels uncomfortable in this situation, according to the field study conducted, tries to use any possibility to escape from such kind of interactions. Gender ideologies are also embedded in the purpose of men and women’ visiting bars. Men usually visit bars to chase after women and find the object of their sexual desires etc. Women may also visit bars in this purpose, however, their clear intentions are not seen so obviously as that of men, hence, we may speak of dubious nature of their purpose. Such distribution of gender roles clearly resonates with dominant gender ideology, according to which men have the priority in initiating close gender relations. As far as dancing practices in bars are concerned, men are less prone to dance alone; however, women have no qualms about it. Men prefer dancing if they want to initiate interactions with women – in such a case they dance close to her. Apart from this, gender interactions in bar are often characterized by age limitations. Older women rarely visit such kind of places; however, older men may be seen there more frequently. Conclusion Gender ideologies represent language reflection of certain social and behavioral patterns of men and women and society. They usually refer to different social roles, types of discourse, sanctions and taboos and behavior of men and women. The analysis of gender ideologies in local context of bar showed that they are reflected in concrete interactions. Men and women usually act according to well-established gender conventions of behavior, which are reflected in initiating interactions, purpose of bar visit, behavior in groups, intersexual behavior etc. Women seem to be considerably affected by their representation in men gender ideologies, which means that they have no behavioral choices. In contrast, men’s behavior is characterized by the possibility of choice between a wide range of options. Men may be either alone or with friends, initiate gender interactions or not etc. Women have virtually no choices: they have refuse from initiating interactions, positively respond to any men’s attempt to initiate communication, always be in a company etc. Moreover, gender interactions in bar reflect crucial social perceptions of women sexuality and appearance, which are the first aspect of gender coming into play in bar context. Women put emphasis on their appearance and clothes and often try to present their identity in performative and theatrical way, which according to Buttler, immediately links such kind of behavior to gender strategies. In contrast men, pay less attention to such things and behave in a more casual and free way. Finally, men’s behavior in a bar is regulated by the lesser number of social sanctions and taboos. References Blumer, Herbert (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Butler, Judith. (1988). ‘Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory’. Theatre Journal. Vol. 40 # 4, (519-531). Lakoff, Robin. Extract from Language and Woman’s Place. Philips, Susan U. (1999). Gender Ideology, Cross Cultural Aspects. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"She is the Boss†: Women and Authority.

An Honorable Knight in King Arthurs Court :: Essays Papers

An Honorable Knight in King Arthur's Court Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In a passage of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Part2, 640-712), the main character sits upon his steed, Gringolet, in front of King Arthurfs court, adorned in golden armor. He is about to depart in order to look for the Green Knight and the Green Chapel since he is the only knight brave enough to take up the Green Knightfs challenge, in which a volunteer is to strike the Green Knightfs head off with an axe, but in return, he has to present himself in the following year to receive a return blow. By reading this passage closely, readers can see the qualities necessary for being an honorable knight in King Arthurfs court. These attributes are to be devoted to the truth, to risk his life, and to confront the most difficult challenges. Sir Gawain has the symbol of a pentangle on his shield, which represents devotion to the truth and perfection. Since Sir Gawain is committed to the truth, he supports and protects his lord when the Green Knight suddenly appears at King Arthurfs court. In addition, the pentangle represents the number five, which symbolizes perfection: gfive fives were confirmed in this knighth (Norton 216). Since Sir Gawain has heightened senses of sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch, he is also considered to have five qualities of perfect knighthood that are geach linked in other, that end there was none, [a]nd fixed to five points, whose force never failed" (Norton, 216). Wearing the shield with the pentangle is honorable for a knight and can be accomplished only by gaining the token of truth from his lord. While the shield with the pentangle represents an honorable knight, his departure conveys the importance of self-sacrifice for honor. Right before he leaves the court, he says ggood dayh (Norton 216) to everyone, who is sending him off, thinking that he shall never return to the court again. Yet, he courageously departs to look for the Green Knight: gNow armed is Gawain gay, [a]nd bears his lance before, [a]nd soberly said good day, [h]e thought forevermoreh (Norton 216). People are sympathetic to Sir Gawain since they disagree with

My Favourite Book Essay

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Analysing the Israel-Palestine Conflict in International...

Analysing the Israel-Palestine Conflict in International Relations Perspective Introduction to International Relations Analysing the Israel-Palestine Conflict in International Relations Perspective Background Since the early 20th Century, Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting over the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. With the assumption that Palestine is a state to facilitate discussion, this report sketches out the most significant elements of the conflict on the three levels defined by Kenneth Waltz, and applies the Realist theory of international relations (IR) to the â€Å"Two-State† solution. Levels of analysis 1. First Level The first level focuses on individuals†¦show more content†¦However, divergent values among parties could result in unstable governments. Such instability has been particularly highlighted by frequent national elections and coalition reconstruction in Israel. The PA resembles a classic authoritarian regime under the reign of Mahmoud Abbas even though it is supposed to be democratic. The PA government remains relatively stable under this structure. However, militant groups like Hamas or Palestinian Islamic Jihad could be a credible external threat to the established governance of the PA. Since 2003, conflicts between the two major factions, the traditional dominant party, Fatah, and its subsequent electoral rival, Hamas, have fractured the Palestinian side. â€Å"After the Hamas took power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the territory controlled by the PA was split between Fatah in the West Bank, and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.†[1] The estrangement between the parties has led to â€Å"the fall of bipartisan governance of the PA†[2]. 3. Third Level The third level is the international level which can be broken down into sub-groups such as relevant third-party states, transnational actors, international organizations, and the relations between states. The Quartet on the Middle East represented by a special envoy formed by the United States, Russia, and the United Nations is an international contingent mediating the official negotiations. TheShow MoreRelatedBearing Witness Or Bearing A Higher Moral Ground?3212 Words   |  13 PagesBearing Witness or Bearing a Higher Moral Ground? The Paradox of the War and Disaster Journalist of our time Bearing witness in contemporary international journalism ‘’When the people responsible for explaining the world to the world, journalists, cover the Jews’ war as more worthy of attention than any other, when they portray the Jews of Israel as the party obviously in the wrong, when they omit all possible justifications for the Jews’ actions and obscure the true face of their enemies, what

Basic Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1314 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Tags: Human Rights Essay Did you like this example? THE BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS In Malaysia, there are a set of rules that safeguards our freedom, the basic human rights of Malaysian is compiled under the Federal Constitution. This compilation of laws are supreme as mentioned under Article 4 of the Federal Constution. This means that even the Syariah Law of Malaysia can not go against the Federal Constitution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Basic Human Rights" essay for you Create order The decision of the Court of Appeal for the case of Muhamad Juzaili Bin Mohd Khamis Ors v State Government Of Negeri Sembilan Ors seems to suggest that Syariah Law is bound by the Federal Constitution in Malaysia.[1] This case sprout quite a huge controversy that begs the question whether does Syariah Law really bound by the Federal Constitution and whether does Section 66 go against the basic human rights under the Federal Consitution. The right to personal liberty is are protected under Article 5 of the Federal Constitution. Accordingto Article 5,the personal liberty of a person is guaranteed under the constituion save in accordance to law, this gives space for laws to govern or limit personal liberty. However, this privilege is only in extend that the law to limit that liberty is just and not discriminatory. If the law is discriminatory or too arbitrary, then it is not in line with the wordings of Article 5.[2] As the judge in Muhamad Juzailià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, refer ed to the Federal Courts decision on the case of Sivarasa Rasiah v Badan Peguam Malaysia Anor, where the judge in this case agreed with the view that the wrodings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"save in accordance to lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to laws that are just, not discriminatory and not arbitrary and if the law is challenged for violating fundamental rights then it must immediately be engaged.[3] In the case of Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam Hospital Besar Pulau Pinang Anor v Utra Badi K Perumah, the court held that the wording of Article 5(1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to living with dignity. Which means that the Article 5(1) protect the rights to live with dignity and pride without discrimination by others. This article guarantess the right of an individual to express themselves.[4] In addition, Article 5 also protects the right to livelihood. Article 5 enables a person to have a livelihood of their own choosing without being questioned of their choise in life. Section 66 of the Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 which states that no Muslim man shall wear the attire of a woman, it is reasonable to say that this section is an infringement of Article 5(1).[5] Section 66 go against the right of an individual to live with dignity without discrimination. The plaintiff of the case, was deprived from a live of certainty. The court held that as long as this section is in force, the appellants will continue to live in misery and indignity. This shows that the Section 66 is not in line with the Federal Constitution and therefore unconstitutional. This section also prevent the appellants from having a livelihood since this section exposes the appellants to arrest, thus affecting their right to livelihood. Therefore, it is evident that Section 66 is inconsisitent with Article 5 of the Federal Constitution.[6] Next, Article 8 of the Federal Constitution gives rights for equality and equal protection of the law. This article gives an individual the right to be treat equal with one another. Section 2 of the Article 8 guarantees that there will be no discrimination against its citizen on the ground of gender. Section 66 of the Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 disturbed the harmony of the right of equality and uqual protection under the law.[7] According to the cross-dressing case, the court stated that the section is contrary to the Article because, the appellants are sufferers of a recognized mental condition known as Gender Identity Disorder. Therefore, they are different compare to nomal Muslim man. This means that they are not equal with normal Muslim man. Due to this state, the appellant are nto to be treated similary as a normal Muslim. The appellantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental condition doe not permit them to be treated equally as the others. The Section 66 which is impose upon them are not aligned with the spirit of Article 8(1) of the Federal Constitution. Therefore, section 66 are in fact contrary to the Article 8 of the Federal Constitution.[8] Furthermore, as mentioned above, Article 8(2) provides protection against discrimination on the grounds of gender. The court in this case held that the wordings of Section 66 suggest that only Muslim man not allow to cross-dress as the opposite gender. However, Muslim woman are not prohibited from doing that. Thus it is not aligned with the spirit of Article 8(2) of the Federal Constitution as this section is bias on Muslim man. This creates a bias situation upon Muslim man, this section does not affects the Muslim woman which is unfair and did not come in line with Article 8.Therefore, Section 66 is discrimatory on the grounds of gender, it is evident that this section is consistent with Article 8 and the section is void.[9] Next, Article 9(2) provides protection fo thr right to movement within the Federation. Section 66 of the Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 causes the appellant restricted from to be i n public places for cross-dressing. The restriction of Section 66 denied the appellants as Gender Identity Disorder sufferers to able to move around while expressign themselves without being expose to the threat of arrest . The court accepted that Section 66 is inconsistent with Article 9(2). The court that after using the test of reasonableness and found that it is unreasonable to subject the appellant to such arbitrary restriction. It is evident that due to this section, the appellant with be subject to discrimination upon leaving their home. The right of Article 9 was denied for the appellants.[10] Although the appellants are Muslim, as mentioned above, they are GID sufferers. Therefore, this section is not applicable with them, and the application would be inconsistent as it is too arbitrary.[11] Furthermore, Article 10(1)(a) guarantees the right to freedom of expression. This article provides the citizen to have the freedom to express themselves as whoever they wanted to be, without being judged or restricted from that right. Section 66 is in breach with Article 10(1)(a) as such section is intefering the appellants right to express themselves as GID sufferers to cross-dress as a woman. Under Article 10(2) states that the Parliament is given power to impose laws to limit the right under Article 10(1)(a). However it does not state that the State Legislative Assemblies in Malaysia is allowed to enact such law to restrict Article 10.[12] Therefore, Section 66 of Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 is unconstitutional as this section is enacted without the authorization from Article 10(2) of the Federal Constitution. In conclusion, Section 66 of the Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 is unconstitutional and breached Article 5(1), 8(1), 8(2), 9(2), 10(1)(a), 10(2) of the Federal Constitution. It is reasonable for the Court of Appeal in the cross-dressing case to declared section 66 is void for ultra vires, the judgment of this ca se shows that Syariah/Islamic law is bound by the Federal Cosntitution as supported by Article 10(2) which states that only the Parliament can enact laws to restrict rights. Since Syariah law is state matter, therefore, it is on the jurisdiction of the State Legislative Assemblies. The Assemblies must align with the laws under Federal Constitution since it was the Federal Constitution that confers powers to the Assemblies. [1] Qishin Tariq, Court of Appeal: Negri Sembilan Syariah law against cross-dressing unconstitutional (Thestar.com.my 2014) https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/11/07/Negri-Sembilan-syariah-law-against-transgenders-unconstitutional/ accessed 26 December 14 [2] Federal Constitution A5(1) [3] Sivarasa Rasiah v Badan Peguam Malaysia Anor [2010] 3 CLJ 507 [4] Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam Hospital Besar Pulau Pinang Anor v Utra Badi K Perumah [2000] 3 CLJ 224 [5] Negri Sembilan Shariah Criminal Enactment 1992 s66 [6] Muhamad Juzaili Bin Mohd Khamis Ors v State Government Of Negeri Sembilan Ors [2014] MLJU 1063 [7] Federal Constitution A 8 [8] Federal Constitution A 8(1) [9] Federal Constitution A 8(2) [10] Federal Constitution A 9(2) [11] Muhamad Juzaili Bin Mohd Khamis Ors v State Government Of Negeri Sembilan Ors [2014] MLJU 1063 [12] Federal Constitution A 10

Racism Is Still Alive, By The End Of Segregation - 1763 Words

It has long been believed that by the end of segregation and slavery, racism too had died. However, this could not be farther from the truth. Racism has never truly died; it was simply kept hidden. Present day racism can be found in the forms of job denial, racial profiling, and cultural appropriation. Members of all non-white races such as African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans experience modern racism in their own way. Time may have moved forward, but not everyone’s thought processes have advanced with it. Racism is still alive, though in some ways not as blatant, and being actively portrayed throughout the United States. The most actively engaged with and well known representation of racism is the abuse of power by law†¦show more content†¦This practice can be seen as rewarding the violent cops for acting on their prejudice and hidden racism. Another example of brutality that represents police negligence and civilian violence is the case of Trayvon Martin. Trayvon was a boy in his teens trying to get to his father’s girlfriend’s house when he was gunned down by local civilian, George Zimmerman. His murder actually got away with the crime for some time because police claimed â€Å"they found no evidence to contradict Zimmerman’s assertion that he acted in self defense after Martin attacked him† (Onwuachi-Willig 1115). With further investigation, evidence revealed that Mr. Zimmerman â€Å"called 911 to report Martin as a ‘suspicious person’, but then disregarded the 911 operator’s directives to remain in his car and leave Martin alone, Zimmerman chased, confronted, and ultimately shot and killed Martin after a physical struggle† (Onwuachi-Willig 1115). Zimmerman was of white descent and acted as a neighborhood watchman for the community. By chasing Martin he ignored both his watch leader and the 911 operator. Zimmerman was eventually charged with second-degree murder, but the time it took for that to happen made many black people feel as though their lives mean nothing to the cops. This example portrays not physical brutality by the cops, but negligence that allowed a murder to roam free for six weeks. Another case that also involved primarily white law officers is the case of SandraShow MoreRelatedRacism Is Still Alive, By The End Of Segregation And Slavery1761 Words   |  8 Pagesthe end of segregation and slavery, racism too had died. However, this could not be farther from the truth. Racism has never truly died; it was simply kept hidden. Present day racism can be found in the forms of job denial, racial profiling, and cultural appropriation. Members of all non-white races such as African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans experience modern racism in their own way. Time may have moved forward, but not everyone’s thought processes have advanced with it. 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Rfid in Pharmacy … Free Essays

RFID in Pharmaceutical Industry In 2004, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has called for the implementation of RFID technology to track the distribution of prescription drugs in order to protect the medical supply chain from counterfeit drugs by 2007. Initially, California State Board of Pharmacy has mandated RFID technology but later extended implementation date until 2015. In 2007, Kalorama Information predicted in a report that market for RFID solutions in pharmaceutical industry would worth around $3. We will write a custom essay sample on Rfid in Pharmacy †¦ or any similar topic only for you Order Now bn by 2012, but this got affected by the current global recession, extension given by California State Board of Pharmacy, and other challenges regarding implementation of RFID. A new research report of Jan 2010 revised the market for RFID products and services in the pharmaceutical industry that it will be worth $884m (â‚ ¬631m) in 2015. In 2008, RFID market was worth around $112m and predicted value of around $884m in 2015, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 34 per cent. Of the current market, 60 per cent is believed to be generated by hardware, with the remaining 40 per cent coming from software and services. RFID Cost As of today, a RFID tags, which is passive only (read-only) can store up to 2KB of data (96bit Serial Number), can cost up to 40 cents US. In case of an active tag (read and write) can cost between $5 to $10, depending upon the material and type of tag. Benefits/Potentials of RFID Counterfeiting Help in fighting against counterfeiting. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 6 percent of the world’s drugs are counterfeit. Fake prescription drugs costs Pharmaceutical companies around US$30 billion each year. Patient safety This is also related to counterfeiting, as fake drugs may look and feel like the real thing, but they are not. A report by WHO indicated that about 93 percent of cases it tracked didn’t have the correct amount of active ingredients. Brand protection Brand protection is very important for drug manufacturers, as single product-tampering incident can wreak long-term havoc on a company’s reputation. Operational efficiency Easy to identify expired or damaged products, and also they can be monitored not to enter into another supply or order. Retailers and distributor can have a better and clear understanding of inventory in warehouses. RFID Drivers for the Pharmaceutical Industry RFID presents the potential to provide tremendous benefits to the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Some of the key benefits projected with the use of RFID include: †¢ Drugs could be identified easily even if they are inside a container. †¢ Counterfeit drugs could be identified easily. †¢ Assurance that the ID on the bottle has not been forged or mislabeled. †¢ Helps in keeping track for drug’s expiry. †¢ Helps in fighting against products from being re-imported and resold at lower cost, which were exported to other developing countries. Unlike bar codes, RFID do not required to be in line-of-sight to read product information. †¢ If implemented across the whole supply chain, product movement and location can be tracked remotely. †¢ More information can be stored on RFID chip and unlike bar code prints, RFID chips can survive harsh conditions. †¢ Provides ability to reads more products per second as compare to bar code scanning procedure, requiring less human involvement. †¢ Increased potential for reducing clinical trial times by reducing errors and improving delivery accuracy. [pic] RFID Challenges for the Pharmaceutical Industry Lack of standards in technology i. e. whole supply chain should be using same standard. †¢ Unclear or poor businesses case about return-on-investment for pharmaceutical companies †¢ Wide spread deployment of RFID technology throughout the supply chain. †¢ Cost of implementing RFID infrastructure is very high, which is not attractive for distributors with low profit margin. Passive tag price ranges from 40 cents to $1 USD. †¢ A major retailer will have to invest around $400K at each distribution channel. †¢ Integration issue of RFID with current applications and technical infrastructure. Concerns over which RFID solution to pick which is flexible enough to accommodate multiple business processes. †¢ In case of hundreds of read per second, concerns over data quality and synchronization, if tag has been read multiple times or no read at all, or data error while reading and etc. †¢ Privacy and security concerns such as eavesdropping, tracking attack, fraudulent tags and readers, physical tamper attacks, denial of server (DOS) attacks, how much and what information drug manufacturer or supplier will store on tags and etc. [pic] [pic] References: ttp://www. tompkinsinc. com/publications/competitive_edge/articles/02-04-RFID_Pharma. asp http://www. ascet. com/documents. asp? d_ID=3435 http://www. rfidjournal. com/article/articleview/2435/1/1/ http://scm. ncsu. edu/public/facts/facs030123. htm http://www. aimglobal. org/technologies/rfid/rfid_faqs. aspl http://www. atkearney. com/index. php/Publications/busting-the-myths-of-pharma-rfid. html â€Å"Radio frequency identification technology: applications, technical challenges and strategies† by Suhong Li, John K. Visich, Bashee r M. Khumawala, Chen Zhang. How to cite Rfid in Pharmacy †¦, Papers